Journal of Environmental Sciences and Sustainability
The Journal of Environmental Sciences and Sustainability (JESS), (ISSN Online: 3106-7883; ISSN Print: 3106-7875) is an open-access, peer-reviewed academic journal dedicated to advancing research and innovation in environmental science, sustainability, and resource management. Published by the International Institute of Modern Research (SMC-Private) Limited, registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP) under Registration No. 0307037, JESS serves as a multidisciplinary platform for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners to share knowledge and promote sustainable solutions to global environmental challenges. The journal publishes empirical studies, theoretical analyses, reviews, and case studies addressing issues such as climate change, biodiversity conservation, renewable energy, environmental policy, sustainable agriculture, waste management, and ecological restoration. Committed to supporting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), JESS encourages responsible stewardship of natural resources and bridges the gap between research, policy, and practice. All content is freely available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License, ensuring global accessibility and the widest dissemination of scientific knowledge.
International Institute of Modern Research (SMC-Private) Limited
NAVIGATING THE URBANIZATION–CLIMATE–AGRICULTURE NEXUS: A CROSS-SECTORAL EVALUATION
Urbanization, climate change, and agricultural systems are closely interconnected, creating complex challenges for achieving global sustainability. By 2050, urban populations are projected to account for approximately 64% of the population in developing countries and 86% in developed nations. This rapid urban expansion is transforming land-use patterns, increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and reshaping global food production systems. Urban growth, particularly in Asia and Africa, is intensifying pressure on natural resources while accelerating the conversion of productive agricultural land to non-agricultural uses. Projections suggest that global urban expansion by 2030 could result in a 1.8–2.4% reduction in cropland area, with nearly 80% of these losses occurring in Asia and Africa. These affected croplands are estimated to be 1.77 times more productive than the global average and contributed approximately 3–4% of total crop production in 2000, posing significant risks to agricultural livelihoods and food security. Urbanization also contributes substantially to climate change through increased emissions associated with transportation, industrial activities, and energy consumption in buildings. For instance, rapid urban development in China has been linked with increased national GHG emissions, although regional differences indicate that improved energy efficiency can reduce emission intensity, whereas rising household consumption continues to drive additional emissions. Furthermore, urban expansion influences soil greenhouse gas dynamics by increasing nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions by approximately 153% and reducing methane (CH₄) uptake by nearly 50%. The global expansion of urban green spaces may further contribute to these changes, potentially increasing N₂O emissions by 0.46 Tg N₂O-N annually while decreasing CH₄ uptake by 0.58 Tg CH₄-C per year. Despite these challenges, urbanization can also create opportunities for sustainable mitigation through innovative approaches such as urban agriculture, nature-based solutions, and conservation-oriented management practices. These strategies can improve soil quality, enhance local food production, reduce transportation-related emissions, and help alleviate urban heat island effects. However, the environmental benefits of urban agriculture are context-dependent; research across 73 urban agriculture sites in Europe and the United States demonstrated that some urban farming systems may have higher carbon footprints than conventional agricultural systems (420 versus 70 gCO₂e per serving), emphasizing the need for optimized management practices. Achieving sustainable urban development requires an integrated approach that balances food security, climate adaptation, and ecological resilience. Climate-smart urban planning, coordinated policy frameworks, and region-specific strategies are essential for minimizing environmental impacts while strengthening food systems. Global collaboration and interdisciplinary solutions will be critical for developing resilient, low-carbon urban futures that support both human well-being and ecosystem sustainability
Urbanization, Climate Change, Agriculture, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Sustainable Development, Food Security, Urban Planning
EFFICACY OF BIOPESTICIDES AGAINST SUCKING PESTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON BITTER GOURD (MOMORDICA CHARANTIA L.) YIELD
A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Institute, Tarnab, Peshawar, Pakistan, during 2017–2018 to evaluate the effectiveness of different botanical extracts in regulating the population dynamics of major sucking pests, including aphids, whiteflies, and thrips, in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.). The experiment was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and consisted of five treatments: cypermethrin, Azadirachta indica (neem) extract, Parthenium hysterophorus extract, Eucalyptus globulus extract, and an untreated control. The results demonstrated that both synthetic insecticide and botanical extracts significantly reduced pest populations and improved crop productivity. The lowest mean populations of aphids (0.88/leaf), whiteflies (0.90/leaf), and thrips (0.93/leaf) were recorded in cypermethrin-treated plots, followed by neem extract. In contrast, untreated control plots exhibited the highest pest infestations, with mean populations of 5.60 aphids/leaf, 8.89 whiteflies/leaf, and 5.96 thrips/leaf. Cypermethrin treatment produced the maximum fruit number (22.79 fruits per plant) and yield (24.80 kg per treatment), followed by neem extract, whereas the control treatment recorded the lowest yield (10.81 kg per treatment). Among the tested botanical treatments, neem extract showed the highest effectiveness in suppressing sucking pest populations and enhancing yield compared with Eucalyptus and Parthenium extracts. These findings suggest that neem-based botanical formulations have considerable potential as an important component of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs for bitter gourd production, offering an environmentally sustainable approach for reducing reliance on synthetic insecticides
Bitter gourd, Azadirachta indica, Cypermethrin, Biopesticides, Sucking pests, Whiteflies, Thrips, Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
ESTABLISHMENT AND VALIDATION OF A RELIABLE GRAVIMETRIC METHOD FOR HUMIC ACID ESTIMATION
Fertilizer samples are routinely analyzed to determine their nutrient composition; however, discrepancies in analytical results may occur due to variations in testing procedures and methodologies. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and validate a gravimetric method for the quantitative determination of humic acid in fertilizer samples. Method validation was performed at the Soil and Water Testing Laboratories (SWTL), Dera Ghazi Khan, an ISO 17025-accredited laboratory. The validation parameters included repeatability, reproducibility, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), recovery, and bias assessment. Descriptive statistical analyses, including mean, standard deviation, and relative standard deviation (RSD), were used to evaluate method performance, while reproducibility was assessed through a t-test. The calculated LOD and LOQ values were 0.145% and 0.484% humic acid, respectively. The method demonstrated high precision, with a repeatability RSD of 0.4725%, and the calculated t-value at the 5% significance level was lower than the tabulated value (2.262), confirming reproducibility within a 95% confidence interval. The recovery percentage for humic acid was 102.34%. Furthermore, Z-scores obtained through QUATEST3 (Vietnam) proficiency testing were within acceptable limits, and a strong correlation (r = 0.999) between actual and measured values confirmed the reliability and accuracy of the method. Overall, the developed gravimetric procedure satisfied all validation criteria, demonstrating that it is accurate, precise, and suitable for routine determination of humic acid content in fertilizer samples.
Gravimetric analysis, Method validation, Humic acid, Fertilizer analysis, Analytical development
YIELD ATTRIBUTES AND YELLOW RUST RESISTANCE IN PAKISTANI WHEAT CULTIVARS EVALUATED IN DERA ISMAIL KHAN
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a globally important staple crop and a cornerstone of food security, providing a major source of calories and nutrition for the growing human population. The development and adoption of semi-dwarf and high-yielding wheat varieties have substantially increased production potential; however, evolving climatic challenges necessitate the identification and development of cultivars with improved tolerance to diseases, heat, and drought stresses. This study aimed to evaluate elite Pakistani wheat cultivars for yield-associated traits and resistance to yellow rust under the agro-climatic conditions of Dera Ismail Khan. A total of 26 cultivars were evaluated in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Data were recorded for days to 50% heading, plant height, spike length, 1000-grain weight (1000GW), and yellow rust response, followed by statistical analysis using the R statistical package. Significant variation was observed among cultivars for all evaluated traits. AZRC Dera exhibited the earliest heading time (104 days), while Gulzar-19 recorded the shortest plant height (68 cm) and Peer Sabaq-19 the greatest height (100 cm). Spike length varied from 8.8 cm in Faisalabad-2008 to 15 cm in NIFA Lalma-13. The maximum 1000GW was recorded in ARI-RK2022 (65 g), whereas the minimum value was observed in the rust-susceptible cultivar Faisalabad Punjab (40 g). Based on yellow rust response assessment, AZRC Dera, Khaista, Wadan, Akbar-19, Shahkar, and Gulzar-19 were categorized as highly resistant (HR). Hashim-08, Shahid-17, Fakhr-e-Bahakkar, and Tarnab Gandam showed moderate resistance (MR), while Shalimar-88 was classified as moderately susceptible (MS). Faisalabad Punjab, Faisalabad-2008, and Punjab-1 were identified as highly susceptible (HS) cultivars. Overall, AZRC Dera, ARI-RK2022, and NIFA Lalma-13 demonstrated superior agronomic performance and disease resilience, making them promising candidates for cultivation and future wheat improvement programs under the agro-climatic conditions of Dera Ismail Khan
wheat yield, yellow rust resistance, spike length, days to 50% heading, 1000-grain weight
EVALUATING THE GENETIC INHERITANCE OF SPIKE-RELATED TRAITS IN SEGREGATING WHEAT POPULATIONS
The global population is expected to approach 9 billion by 2050, intensifying the demand for increased food grain production. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), one of the world’s most important staple crops, plays a fundamental role in maintaining global food security. As wheat yield is governed by complex quantitative traits, improving spike-related characteristics, including spike length, awn development, and spikelet number, represents an important strategy for enhancing yield potential at the plant level. This study evaluated an F₂ segregating wheat population developed from two parental lines with contrasting spike architectures to investigate the inheritance patterns and genetic variability of key spike-associated traits, including awn presence, supernumerary spikelet (SS) expression, awn length, and spike length. The F₂ population comprised 78 plants derived from a cross between Landrace-91, an awnless line with non-SS spikes, and a contrasting genotype characterized by long awns and SS spikes. Chi-square analysis was performed to assess the agreement between observed and expected segregation ratios for qualitative traits. Statistical analyses were conducted using Statistics v8.0 for least significant difference (LSD) calculations, while Microsoft Excel was used for graphical visualization. The results revealed that both awn development and SS expression followed a 3:1 segregation ratio, indicating monogenic inheritance controlled by dominant alleles. Significant variation was observed among parental lines and F₂ progenies for quantitative traits, including awn length and spike length. Among the evaluated progenies, the 107-2-F₂ line exhibited the maximum awn length (11 cm) and spike length (22 cm). Due to its superior combination of long awns, extended spikes, and SS characteristics, the 107-2-F₂ line was selected for advancement to subsequent generations to stabilize desirable traits and improve yield potential per plant
wheat spike, awn, supernumerary spikelet, yield, genetic inheritance
LETHAL CONCENTRATION AND BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE OF SALMO TRUTTA FARIO EXPOSED TO COBOX: A TOXICOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
Cobox, Copper oxychloride, Salmo trutta fario, Pesticide toxicity, Lethal concentration, Behavioral response
A NEXUS APPROACH TO URBANIZATION AND ITS IMPACTS ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURE
EFFECTIVENESS OF BIOPESTICIDES IN MANAGING SUCKING PESTS AND IMPROVING YIELD OF BITTER GOURD (MOMORDICA CHARANTIA L.)
Bitter gourd, Azadirachta indica, Cypermethrin, Biopesticides, Sucking pests, Whiteflies, Thrips, Integrated Pest Management
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A RELIABLE GRAVIMETRIC METHOD FOR HUMIC ACID ESTIMATION
EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT ORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF CORIANDER (CORIANDRUM SATIVUM L.)
Coriandrum sativum, Organic fertilizer, Manure, Compost, Chlorophyll content, Growth performance
STRENGTHENING GLOBAL NUTRITION THROUGH OILSEED CROP BIOFORTIFICATION
Malnutrition resulting from deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals remains a major global public health concern. Biofortification—the process of enhancing the nutritional quality of crops through genetic engineering, conventional breeding, and agronomic interventions—offers a sustainable and long-term strategy to combat this challenge. Oilseed crops such as soybean, canola, sunflower, olive, safflower, and sesame play a central role in human nutrition, providing fats, proteins, and essential micronutrients. Enhancing the nutritional profiles of these crops presents significant opportunities to alleviate deficiencies in iron, zinc, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamins A, D, and E. Recent progress includes the development of canola varieties enriched with lysine, carotenoids, and omega-3 fatty acids, transgenic safflower with elevated omega-9 content, and selenium-enriched olive oil. Emerging approaches, including nutrient priming and gene-editing technologies, have facilitated the production of cultivars with improved micronutrient composition, thereby enhancing their dietary and health benefits. The adoption of biofortified oilseed crops can substantially improve nutrient intake and help reduce malnutrition, particularly in resource-limited settings. Moreover, integrating biofortification with precision agriculture and advanced technologies can further strengthen food security and public health outcomes. Overall, biofortification represents a forward-looking and sustainable pathway toward ensuring a more nutritious and resilient global food system.
VARIATION IN MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AMONG THREE CULTIVARS OF MANGO (MANGIFERA INDICA L.)
Mango (Mangifera indica L.), widely known as the “King of Fruits,” is prized for its unique aroma, rich flavor, and high nutritional value, underscoring its economic and dietary significance. Accurate characterization of mango varieties is crucial for effective genetic improvement and breeding programs. This study, conducted at the Horticultural Research Station in Bahawalpur, evaluated and characterized three mango cultivars—Sindhri, Langra, and Kingstone Pride—using an integrated morpho-biochemical approach. Morphological parameters, including fruit length, width, peel weight, pulp weight, stone weight, and total fruit weight, were measured alongside biochemical attributes such as total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), ascorbic acid content, total phenolic content, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase [POD] and catalase [CAT]). The results revealed considerable variation among the cultivars. Langra demonstrated superior morphological performance, Sindhri excelled in fruit quality characteristics, and Kingstone Pride exhibited the greatest antioxidative capacity. These findings highlight significant genotypic diversity in both morphological and biochemical traits, providing a valuable basis for future mango breeding and cultivar improvement efforts.
EXPLORING THE BIOFERTILIZATION EFFICIENCY OF CHLORELLA VULGARIS ON TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM L.) GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY
Rapid global population growth has increased food demand, leading to the extensive use of synthetic fertilizers that degrade soil health and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. As a sustainable alternative, algal biofertilizers—particularly those derived from Chlorella vulgaris—offer a promising approach to enhance crop productivity while maintaining ecological balance. This study evaluated the effects of a Chlorella vulgaris-based biofertilizer on the growth and biochemical attributes of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). The nutrient-rich microalga C. vulgaris was cultivated in Bold’s Basal Medium, identified through microscopy, PCR amplification, and Sanger sequencing, and formulated into a biofertilizer (OD 0.27). Tomato seedlings were divided into three groups: control, Chlorella-treated, and urea-treated. Application of the Chlorella biofertilizer significantly improved plant growth, as evidenced by increased root length, plant height, and leaf number. Biochemical analyses demonstrated elevated levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, indicating enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and overall plant vigor. Higher proline accumulation suggested the induction of a mild stress response. These findings highlight the potential of Chlorella vulgaris as an eco-friendly biofertilizer for promoting plant growth and productivity. However, further investigation is required to better understand the associated stress responses and to optimize its application before large-scale agricultural implementation
CONFLICT AND COEXISTENCE: A REVIEW OF HUMAN–SNOW LEOPARD CONSERVATION DYNAMICS IN PAKISTAN
The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is an ecologically and evolutionarily significant apex predator that plays a vital role in sustaining the balance of Pakistan’s high-mountain ecosystems. Nevertheless, its long-term survival is increasingly threatened by habitat fragmentation, declining prey populations, and persistent human–wildlife conflict. This review critically examines four major conservation strategies implemented in Pakistan: community-based conservation initiatives, predator-proof livestock enclosures, compensation and insurance schemes, and habitat restoration programs. Recent studies reveal both the achievements and shortcomings of these interventions, providing a balanced evaluation of their overall effectiveness. Livestock depredation remains the primary driver of human–snow leopard conflict, often resulting in retaliatory killings that undermine local support for conservation efforts. Addressing these complex challenges requires adaptive management approaches, participatory governance, and stronger cross-sector collaboration to align conservation goals with local livelihood needs. The review further identifies three critical knowledge gaps: (1) the lack of standardized conflict reporting systems, (2) insufficient and inconsistent monitoring of snow leopard populations, and (3) limited coordination in transboundary conservation planning. Bridging these gaps is essential for informing evidence-based policy and developing sustainable coexistence strategies that protect both snow leopards and the socioeconomic well-being of the mountain communities that share their habitat
Habitat fragmentation, human–wildlife conflict, conservation strategies, snow leopard, community-based management
MODERN DEVELOPMENTS IN GENETIC MAPPING OF COTTON FOR YIELD, FIBER EXCELLENCE, AND ABIOTIC STRESS RESISTANCE
Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is one of the world’s most important cash crops, providing natural fiber and sustaining both agricultural production and the textile industry. However, its productivity is frequently constrained by insect pests, diseases, and diverse abiotic stresses, challenges that conventional breeding alone has struggled to address effectively. In recent years, advances in genome sequencing and molecular breeding have created new opportunities to enhance fiber quality and stress tolerance. This review summarizes recent developments in genetic mapping, quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis, and marker-assisted selection (MAS) for the identification of genes associated with key agronomic traits. The emergence of high-throughput sequencing technologies and genome-editing tools, particularly CRISPR/Cas9, has enabled precise modification of target genes to improve cotton performance. Moreover, the integration of high-density molecular markers with genomic selection approaches has shortened breeding cycles by facilitating early and accurate prediction of desirable traits. The combination of conventional breeding strategies with genomic tools has also helped address challenges related to polyploidy and limited genetic diversity, contributing to improved yield stability under stress conditions. Looking ahead, broader application of genome-assisted breeding, functional genomics, and high-throughput phenotyping will be critical for enhancing cotton’s adaptability to climate variability and biotic stresses. Overall, genomics-integrated breeding represents a powerful and sustainable approach to improving cotton yield, fiber quality, and resilience.
QTL mapping, marker-assisted selection, CRISPR/Cas9, genomic breeding, stress tolerance, fiber quality
OPTIMIZING FORAGE OAT PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY THROUGH SEED INOCULATION AND NITROGEN MANAGEMENT
Fodder scarcity and low-quality forage remain major constraints to livestock production in Pakistan, a problem further intensified by rising global fertilizer costs. Utilizing nitrogen-fixing bacteria in combination with optimized nitrogen fertilization presents a promising approach to improve both the yield and nutritional quality of forage crops such as oat. To evaluate this, a field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of seed inoculation and varying nitrogen levels on oat performance. Seeds were inoculated with Azotobacter and Azospirillum, alongside a non-inoculated control, while nitrogen was applied at three rates: 50, 100, and 150 kg N ha⁻¹ (recommended rate). The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, and data were analyzed using ANOVA, with treatment means compared via the LSD test at a 5% significance level. Results indicated that inoculation with Azotobacter combined with 150 kg N ha⁻¹ produced the highest agronomic and quality traits, including number of tillers (8.00), plant height (118 cm), crude protein (9.95%), crude fiber (32.32%), and total ash (11.55%). These findings suggest that integrating seed inoculation with nitrogen fertilization can substantially enhance both the yield and nutritive value of oat fodder. Widespread adoption of this strategy could support sustainable and profitable livestock feed production, while further research is warranted to explore additional bacterial strains and nitrogen sources for broader optimization.
LABORATORY AND FIELD EVALUATION OF TOMATO EARLY BLIGHT (ALTERNARIA SOLANI)
Alternaria solani is a highly destructive fungal pathogen responsible for early blight in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), posing a significant threat to tomato production in Pakistan. Various management approaches—including chemical fungicides, biological control agents, and plant-based extracts—have been explored to mitigate this disease. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of five plant extracts—Citrullus colocynthis, Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera, Calotropis procera, and Prosopis cineraria—for controlling early blight, as well as the host response of different tomato germplasm against A. solani. Aqueous extracts were prepared at 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% concentrations. The in vivo experiment was conducted under a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) at the Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur. Results revealed that foliar application of Citrullus colocynthis extract significantly reduced disease severity and incidence, achieving the lowest disease incidence at 11.57%. These findings indicate that Citrullus colocynthis possesses strong antifungal activity against A. solani while also promoting plant growth. This dual effect underscores its potential as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional chemical fungicides. However, further research is required to clarify its mode of action, environmental safety, and wider applicability in sustainable disease management strategies.
EVALUATING THE EFFICIENCY OF A CONSTRUCTED WETLAND SYSTEM FOR INDUSTRIAL AND DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN SOUTHERN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN
Water scarcity has become an increasingly urgent global issue, fueled by rapid population growth, industrialization, and inefficient water management. The World Water Assessment Programme predicts that nearly two-thirds of the world’s population could face severe water shortages by 2025, with almost half affected by 2030. In Pakistan, per capita water availability has plummeted from 5000 m³ year⁻¹ in 1951 to roughly 1100 m³ year⁻¹, placing the country under critical water stress. Constructed wetlands (CWs) have emerged as cost-effective, nature-based solutions for wastewater treatment, particularly in areas challenged by pollution and freshwater scarcity. This study was conducted at C-Block, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan, where a surface flow constructed wetland system was established to treat wastewater from the Wali Muhammad Distributary—a canal contaminated with untreated domestic and industrial effluents. The wetland consisted of a series of vegetated ponds designed to promote natural filtration processes. Wastewater samples were collected weekly over a three-week period and analyzed for key physico-chemical parameters. Statistical analyses were performed using R software, with significance assessed via t-test at p < 0.05. The system achieved substantial reductions in various parameters: pH (16%), electrical conductivity (93.30%), carbonate (82%), bicarbonate (66%), total dissolved solids (75%), total solids (84.43%), total suspended solids (75%), biological oxygen demand (84.23%), chemical oxygen demand (39%), potassium (53%), sodium (75%), and calcium (68%). These findings underscore the high pollutant removal efficiency of constructed wetlands and highlight their potential as a sustainable strategy for wastewater treatment and water resource management.
MICROBIAL-ASSISTED PHYTOSTABILIZATION OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATED SOIL
Heavy metal contamination resulting from industrial activities, mining, agriculture, and urbanization poses serious risks to ecosystems and human health. Toxic metals such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni) persist in soils, accumulate in food chains, and disrupt ecological balance. Traditional remediation approaches, including soil excavation and chemical treatments, are often expensive, environmentally unsustainable, and can degrade soil quality. Phytoremediation, especially phytostabilization, offers a sustainable alternative by employing plants and their associated rhizobacteria to immobilize metals in the rhizosphere, thereby reducing metal mobility, limiting groundwater contamination, and minimizing transfer through the food chain. Metal-tolerant rhizobacteria enhance this process by producing siderophores, exopolysaccharides, biofilms, and phytohormones, which aid in metal immobilization, improve plant tolerance, and maintain soil fertility. They also suppress pathogens and enhance nutrient uptake, supporting plant growth in contaminated soils. Despite these benefits, challenges such as low biomass production, heterogeneous soil conditions, and uncertainties regarding long-term effectiveness restrict large-scale application. Future research should aim to optimize plant–microbe interactions and clarify their mechanisms under varied environmental conditions. Rhizobacteria-assisted phytostabilization thus represents an eco-friendly and sustainable strategy for mitigating heavy metal pollution while promoting soil restoration and enhancing agricultural productivity.
ADVANCING NUTRITIONAL SECURITY THROUGH ZINC-ENRICHED WHEAT, RICE, AND MAIZE
he Green Revolution significantly increased the yield of staple food crops, helping to meet the nutritional needs of a rapidly growing global population. However, this advancement came at a cost: a decline in the micronutrient content of foods, leading to widespread deficiencies—most notably zinc (Zn). Today, nearly 30% of the world’s population suffers from Zn deficiency, predominantly in developing regions, especially South and Southeast Asia. Given the critical role of Zn in crop productivity and human health, this review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current strategies for Zn biofortification in three major cereal crops: wheat, rice, and maize. It focuses on four key approaches: (i) agronomic biofortification through fertilizer application, seed priming, organic amendments, and microbial interventions; (ii) genetic enhancement via conventional breeding; (iii) transgenic methods; and (iv) nano-based Zn delivery systems. By critically comparing these strategies across crops, the review highlights research gaps and identifies future directions for optimizing Zn biofortification. While existing studies often address individual crops or approaches, no previous review has examined Zn deficiency across all three major cereals within a unified framework. This comprehensive analysis offers valuable insights for improving global food and nutritional security and supports progress toward achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030.
ADVANCES IN UNDERSTANDING SILICON-MEDIATED MOLECULAR AND GENETIC RESPONSES TO ABIOTIC STRESS IN PLANTS
Sustainable agricultural production is increasingly challenged by unpredictable and adverse environmental conditions. The use of mineral elements has emerged as an effective strategy, offering an alternative to conventional methods for alleviating the impacts of abiotic stress. Among these, silicon (Si)—the second most abundant element in the Earth’s lithosphere—plays a crucial role in numerous cellular, physiological, and developmental processes in plants. Its application has been shown to improve seed germination, growth, photosynthetic efficiency, gas exchange, and yield under both stress and non-stress conditions. The benefits of Si are especially pronounced in silicon-accumulating species, particularly when exposed to abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, and extreme temperature fluctuations. Exogenous Si application triggers significant changes in morpho-physiological and biochemical traits, enhancing plant stress tolerance. This chapter reviews the occurrence, sources, uptake, accumulation, and transport mechanisms of silicon in plants. It also examines recent advances in silicon-mediated stress mitigation through molecular and genetic approaches, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, the use of silicon nanoparticles, and genome-editing technologies. The aim is to provide a comprehensive understanding of silicon’s multifaceted role in alleviating abiotic stresses and to highlight its potential as a sustainable strategy for improving crop resilience and productivity.
SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF BIOGENIC SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES AND RHIZOBACTERIA ON GROWTH, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND BIOCHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES OF LETTUCE
Sustainable agriculture requires innovative approaches to boost crop productivity and stress resilience while reducing environmental impact. Both plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) and biogenic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have shown considerable potential in enhancing plant performance, yet their combined effects on crop physiology and biochemistry remain underexplored. In this study, twenty selenium (Se)-resistant Gram-positive bacterial strains were isolated from agricultural soils and screened for key PGP traits, including nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and phytohormone production. Selected strains were used to inoculate Lactuca sativa (lettuce) seeds under semi-field conditions. Treatments included bacterial inoculation alone, foliar SeNP application alone, and their combined application. After six weeks, plant growth parameters (root length, leaf length, and fresh weight), pigment content (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids), soluble protein levels, and peroxidase activity were evaluated. The combined application of selected bacterial strains and SeNPs significantly enhanced lettuce growth and stress-related biochemical responses. Specifically, the NB11 + SeNP treatment increased soluble protein content by 75% and peroxidase activity by 65% compared to the control (p ≤ 0.05). Heat map analysis revealed strong positive correlations between growth and biochemical traits under combined treatments, while principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the first three components explained 77.1% of the total variance, effectively distinguishing the combined treatments from other groups. These results indicate that the synergistic use of SeNPs and Se-resistant PGPB provides a promising bio-based approach to improve plant growth, stress tolerance, and nutritional quality. This strategy offers a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical fertilizers, particularly in stress-prone agroecosystems.
ORGANIC AMENDMENTS AS A STRATEGY TO ENHANCE SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND SPINACH PRODUCTIVITY
Spinach is a key leafy vegetable crop in Pakistan, valued for its nutritional benefits and economic importance. However, climate change and rising atmospheric CO₂ levels pose challenges to agricultural productivity and ecosystem stability. Soil organic matter is crucial for maintaining soil ecosystem functions, regulating biogeochemical cycles, and enhancing carbon sequestration. To assess the effects of organic amendments on carbon sequestration and spinach productivity, an experiment was conducted using residual soil and organic manures. The treatments included: control (recommended fertilizers only), 1% organic amendment + 50% recommended fertilizers, 2% organic amendment + 50% recommended fertilizers, 1% organic amendment alone, and 2% organic amendment alone. The experiment followed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments and three replications at the Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Results indicated that organic amendments significantly (p < 0.05) improved both soil carbon sequestration and spinach yield compared to the control. The 2% organic amendment treatment showed the greatest benefits, enhancing soil organic carbon, water use efficiency, infiltration rate, and porosity, while reducing bulk density. Overall, the application of 2% organic amendment was most effective in promoting soil health, increasing carbon storage, and improving spinach growth, supporting sustainable crop production and soil management under changing climatic conditions.
IMPROVING SOIL HEALTH THROUGH ORGANIC AGRICULTURE: EFFECTS ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Soil health is fundamental to sustainable agriculture and global food security. Organic farming practices are increasingly recognized for their ability to improve soil quality and crop productivity. This study assessed the impact of organic amendments—farmyard manure (FYM) and vermicompost (VC)—compared to conventional inputs, urea (U) and diammonium phosphate (DAP), on soil health indicators and wheat growth. The results showed significant (P < 0.05) enhancements in both soil physicochemical and biological properties under organic treatments relative to conventional fertilization. Organic amendments markedly increased soil organic matter (6.33-fold with VC and 5.70-fold with FYM), porosity (2.60-fold and 1.78-fold), and moisture content (1.93-fold and 1.81-fold). Conversely, bulk density and pH decreased by 1.19-fold and 1.12-fold under VC and FYM, respectively. Biological indicators, including microbial biomass carbon (MBC), nitrogen (MBN), and phosphorus (MBP), were also significantly elevated, showing 2.18-, 3.64-, and 4.10-fold increases with VC and 2.01-, 2.93-, and 3.08-fold with FYM. Additionally, populations of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes increased substantially under organic amendments. Correlation analyses highlighted strong interconnections between physicochemical and biological properties, emphasizing their collective role in sustaining soil health. Overall, organic amendments significantly enhanced soil fertility, microbial diversity, and biological activity compared to conventional fertilizers, reinforcing the critical role of organic agriculture in maintaining long-term soil productivity and ecological balance.
INFLUENCE OF ZINC SULPHATE LEVELS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND YIELD OF WHEAT
Zinc deficiency is a major constraint on wheat productivity, especially in arid regions, where the optimal zinc sulphate (ZnSO₄) application rate is not well established. This study investigated the impact of different ZnSO₄ levels on the growth and yield of the wheat variety Azric at the Experimental Research Site, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, during 2022–2023. The experiment included six treatments, each replicated three times. Key agronomic traits measured were plant height, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and straw yield. Results showed that applying ZnSO₄ at 12 kg ha⁻¹ (T₆) significantly enhanced all measured growth and yield parameters compared to the control. Increases observed included 6.93% in plant height, 24.2% in spike length, 18.42% in spikelets per spike, 18.61% in grains per spike, 25.58% in 1000-grain weight, 60.25% in grain yield, and 9.96% in straw yield. These findings indicate that 12 kg ha⁻¹ of ZnSO₄ is the most effective rate for maximizing wheat productivity under arid conditions. Proper zinc fertilization not only boosts yield and grain quality but also enhances soil fertility, contributing to improved food security and human health.
ADVANCES IN PLANT-MICROBE MEDIATED REMEDIATION OF GLYPHOSATE
Glyphosate (GLA) has long been the primary herbicide used to control both annual and perennial weeds. However, its extensive application has resulted in widespread persistence in agroecosystems, posing risks to both biotic and abiotic components of the environment. To address these impacts, various remediation strategies—such as adsorption, photocatalytic degradation, and microbial degradation—have been investigated. Among these, microbial degradation, particularly rhizodegradation, stands out for its efficiency, versatility, and eco-friendly nature. Rhizodegradation relies on diverse microorganisms that metabolize GLA, using its carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus as nutrient sources. This review consolidates current understanding of microbial GLA degradation, emphasizing the role of GLA-degrading microorganisms in remediating contaminated environments. It explores the mechanisms by which microbes break down GLA and the interactions that facilitate its detoxification. Additionally, the review assesses the practicality and effectiveness of employing GLA-degrading microbes in bioremediation across various ecological contexts. By detailing microbial degradation pathways and their environmental significance, this article provides a solid foundation for developing sustainable strategies to manage GLA contamination and mitigate its ecological consequences.
STRENGTHENING SOIL–PLANT RELATIONSHIPS WITH SILICON FOR SUSTAINABLE CROP PRODUCTION
Silicon (Si), though not considered an essential nutrient, plays a crucial role in crop growth and development. Present in soils at varying concentrations, Si is taken up by plant roots and primarily deposited in cell walls, where it enhances structural strength and provides protection against both biotic and abiotic stresses. Silicate minerals serve as the main source of Si, gradually releasing bioavailable forms through weathering. Factors such as soil pH, temperature, and microbial activity influence Si availability by affecting its solubility and release from mineral reserves. In plants, Si dynamics involve uptake, transport, and deposition mediated by specialized root transporters, enabling efficient translocation to aerial tissues. Silicon improves plant performance by enhancing photosynthetic efficiency, nutrient absorption, and water use efficiency. This review emphasizes the benefits of Si fertilization in mitigating the effects of biotic and abiotic stresses while promoting overall soil–crop health. Additionally, Si application helps plants tolerate heavy metal toxicity by reducing their harmful effects. The review also discusses morphological and physicochemical plant responses to Si supplementation and highlights emerging research directions that support food security and contribute to achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COTTON BACTERIAL BLIGHT PATHOGEN
Bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. malvacearum (Xcm), is a significant disease impacting cotton production in Pakistan. Effective disease management relies on a comprehensive understanding of the pathogen’s characteristics. In this study, Xcm was isolated from infected cotton samples collected in the Bahawalpur region and subsequently purified. Identification was carried out using morphological, biochemical, and cultural analyses. Biochemical testing indicated that the isolates were positive for potassium hydroxide (KOH), catalase, oxidative-fermentative (OF) test, urease, starch hydrolysis, citrate utilization, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, and casein hydrolysis, while they were negative for Gram staining, indole production, and arginine dihydrolase activity. Cultural characterization revealed mucoid, convex colonies with yellow to orange pigmentation on nutrient agar, and flattened or slightly raised mucoid colonies ranging from bright to pale yellow on yeast extract dextrose calcium carbonate (YDCA) agar. These findings provide critical insights for researchers, aiding in the accurate identification of Xcm and supporting in vitro evaluation of potential strategies to control bacterial blight in cotton.
LONG-TERM EVALUATION OF CROPPING PATTERN CHANGES AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION ACROSS DIVERSE SCALES
Climate change, driven by shifts in weather patterns, temperature fluctuations, declining water tables, and changes in wind and atmospheric pressure, poses a significant challenge to agriculture. To understand farmers’ perceptions of climate change and its effects on cropping systems, a study was carried out in District Dir Lower, a hilly, rain-fed region dominated by subsistence farming in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The study revealed notable changes in cropping patterns over time. Wheat remained the primary crop, grown on nearly 90% of cultivated land, followed by maize (Zea mays) and rice (Oryza sativa), occupying 30% and 29% of the area, respectively. Some crops, such as opium (Papaver somniferum L.), were abandoned due to reduced land availability and low economic returns. Changes in livestock numbers and crop yields were largely driven by improved production technologies and adaptive practices rather than direct climatic effects. Significant shifts in seasonal duration were also observed: summer has extended to almost 28 weeks, winter has shortened to about 8 weeks, and spring and autumn have contracted to roughly 4 and 3.5 weeks, respectively, with some seasons nearly disappearing. Monsoon rains now arrive 4–5 weeks later, while winter precipitation is delayed by 6–7 weeks compared to historical patterns. Additionally, average temperatures have risen by 20%, 27%, 30%, and 27% during winter, spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. Groundwater levels have dropped by 30–40 feet in several areas, particularly where eucalyptus plantations are extensive.