STRENGTHENING SOIL–PLANT RELATIONSHIPS WITH SILICON FOR SUSTAINABLE CROP PRODUCTION

Abstract

Silicon (Si), though not considered an essential nutrient, plays a crucial role in crop growth and development. Present in soils at varying concentrations, Si is taken up by plant roots and primarily deposited in cell walls, where it enhances structural strength and provides protection against both biotic and abiotic stresses. Silicate minerals serve as the main source of Si, gradually releasing bioavailable forms through weathering. Factors such as soil pH, temperature, and microbial activity influence Si availability by affecting its solubility and release from mineral reserves.

In plants, Si dynamics involve uptake, transport, and deposition mediated by specialized root transporters, enabling efficient translocation to aerial tissues. Silicon improves plant performance by enhancing photosynthetic efficiency, nutrient absorption, and water use efficiency. This review emphasizes the benefits of Si fertilization in mitigating the effects of biotic and abiotic stresses while promoting overall soil–crop health. Additionally, Si application helps plants tolerate heavy metal toxicity by reducing their harmful effects. The review also discusses morphological and physicochemical plant responses to Si supplementation and highlights emerging research directions that support food security and contribute to achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.